La frattura del femore, l’osso più lungo e voluminoso del corpo umano situato nella coscia, è un evento che può verificarsi a tutte le età. Nonostante il femore sia un osso molto resistente, urti e traumi violenti nel giovane oppure l’osteoporosi nell’anziano possono provocarne la rottura. Vista la posizione e la funzione del femore, fondamentale per il movimento degli arti inferiori, è necessario far subito ricorso alle cure mediche.
Che cos’è la frattura del femore?
Il femore è un osso particolarmente importante. Su di esso si inseriscono muscoli fondamentali per il movimento. Il femore comunica con l’anca, costituendo l’articolazione coxofemorale, e con la rotula e la tibia nell’articolazione del ginocchio. La frattura può colpire il femore nella sua parte centrale o più frequentemente negli anziani nella testa del femore, vale a dire l’estremità che si congiunge con l’articolazione dell’anca. Si parla in questi casi di frattura a livello del collo femorale e di frattura pertrocanterica.
Quali sono le cause della frattura del femore?
Le cause di frattura del femore variano molto a seconda dell’età del soggetto.
Le cadute accidentali in casa sono la principale causa di frattura del femore nella persona anziana. La persona anziana va incontro a frattura più di frequente a causa dell’osteoporosi, una patologia che comporta la riduzione della forza delle ossa e le espone a un rischio maggiore di lesione. Negli anziani sono comuni le fratture da stress, che non sono provocate da traumi o urti violenti ma da una progressiva degenerazione della struttura ossea. Spesso sono associate anche ad altre patologie come diabete e artrite reumatoide. Altre cause sono infezioni e tumori che possono alterare la robustezza del tessuto osseo.
Nel giovane la frattura del femore è frequentemente associata a traumi sportivi o a incidenti stradali. Il femore è un osso molto robusto e quindi, in assenza di altre patologie, ha bisogno di un urto molto violento affinché si verifichi la rottura. La frattura si può presentare in diversi punti del femore e può essere composta o scomposta, a seconda che ci sia uno spostamento o meno dei frammenti lesionati che perdono, così, il naturale allineamento. La frattura al femore può inoltre essere completa o non completa, a seconda che ci sia una lesione con o senza separazione dei segmenti e può essere multipla, se c’è una rottura in più punti, e ancora trasversale, obliqua o spiroide.
Quali sono i sintomi della frattura al femore?
I sintomi della frattura del femore differiscono a seconda del punto di lesione. Generalmente la frattura provoca:
- Dolore acuto e immediato, che si può irradiare verso l’inguine, ma può essere avvertito anche all’altezza del ginocchio e della caviglia
- Sensazione di uno schiocco al momento del trauma
- Difficoltà a stare in piedi e a muovere la gamba
- Gonfiore
- Presenza di lividi e tumefazioni
- Deformazione e accorciamento dell’arto
- Le fratture non trattate adeguatamente possono dare luogo a complicazioni che comprendono artrosi post-traumatica, infezioni, deformità, rigidità articolare ovvero la difficoltà a muovere correttamente l’arto.
Come prevenire la frattura del femore?
Le fratture del femore si prevengono ponendo particolare attenzione alla protezione delle articolazioni se si svolgono attività sportive. È buona norma non sottoporre l’articolazione a movimenti ripetuti e usuranti.
Per evitare le fratture dovute a osteoporosi si dovrebbe integrare l’alimentazione con calcio e vitamina D e seguire le terapie mediche prescritte.
Per prevenire le cadute le persone anziane dovrebbero indossare scarpe comode, con suole antiscivolo, rimuovere gli ostacoli presenti in casa, come i tappeti, illuminare bene gli ambienti, fare attenzione se si cammina all’esterno su superfici scivolose.
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